Direct links to results¶

Motifs derived from filter-activating sequences

import os
import sys
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath("/users/amtseng/tfmodisco/src/"))
from motif.read_motifs import pfm_info_content, pfm_to_pwm
from util import figure_to_vdom_image
import plot.viz_sequence as viz_sequence
import h5py
import numpy as np
import pyfaidx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import vdom.helpers as vdomh
from IPython.display import display
import tqdm
tqdm.tqdm_notebook()

/users/amtseng/miniconda3/envs/tfmodisco-mini/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:14: TqdmDeprecationWarning: This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0
Please use `tqdm.notebook.tqdm` instead of `tqdm.tqdm_notebook`

0it [00:00, ?it/s]

Define constants and paths¶

# Define parameters/fetch arguments
filter_activations_path = os.environ["TFM_FILTER_ACTIVATIONS"]
filter_weights_path = os.environ["TFM_FILTER_WEIGHTS"]

if "TFM_MOTIF_CACHE" in os.environ:
    activation_motifs_cache_dir = os.environ["TFM_MOTIF_CACHE"]
else:
    activation_motifs_cache_dir = None

print("Path to filter activations: %s" % filter_activations_path)
print("Path to filter weights: %s" % filter_weights_path)
print("Saved activation-derived motifs cache: %s" % activation_motifs_cache_dir)

Path to filter activations: /users/amtseng/tfmodisco/results/filter_activations/singletask_profile_finetune/REST_singletask_profile_finetune_task13_fold7_filter_activations.h5
Path to filter weights: /users/amtseng/tfmodisco/results/filter_weights/singletask_profile_finetune/REST_singletask_profile_finetune_task13_fold7_filter_weights.npy
Saved activation-derived motifs cache: /users/amtseng/tfmodisco/results/reports/filter_derived_motifs/cache/REST_singletask_profile_finetune_task13_fold7_filter

# Constants/paths
input_length = 2114
filter_width = 21
reference_genome_path = "/users/amtseng/genomes/hg38.fasta"

if activation_motifs_cache_dir:
    os.makedirs(activation_motifs_cache_dir, exist_ok=True)

Helper functions¶

For extracting motifs

def dna_to_one_hot(seqs):
    """
    Converts a list of DNA ("ACGT") sequences to one-hot encodings, where the
    position of 1s is ordered alphabetically by "ACGT". `seqs` must be a list
    of N strings, where every string is the same length L. Returns an N x L x 4
    NumPy array of one-hot encodings, in the same order as the input sequences.
    All bases will be converted to upper-case prior to performing the encoding.
    Any bases that are not "ACGT" will be given an encoding of all 0s.
    """
    seq_len = len(seqs[0])
    assert np.all(np.array([len(s) for s in seqs]) == seq_len)

    # Join all sequences together into one long string, all uppercase
    seq_concat = "".join(seqs).upper()

    one_hot_map = np.identity(5)[:, :-1]

    # Convert string into array of ASCII character codes;
    base_vals = np.frombuffer(bytearray(seq_concat, "utf8"), dtype=np.int8)

    # Anything that's not an A, C, G, or T gets assigned a higher code
    base_vals[~np.isin(base_vals, np.array([65, 67, 71, 84]))] = 85

    # Convert the codes into indices in [0, 4], in ascending order by code
    _, base_inds = np.unique(base_vals, return_inverse=True)

    # Get the one-hot encoding for those indices, and reshape back to separate
    return one_hot_map[base_inds].reshape((len(seqs), seq_len, 4))

def extract_filter_activation_motifs(filter_activations_path, reference_genome_path):
    """
    Extracts the motifs that correspond to each filter. Returns an
    F x W x 4 array, where F is the number of filters and W is the width
    of each filter. The order of filters matches those in the saved HDF5/model.
    """
    reader = h5py.File(filter_activations_path, "r")
    activations_reader = reader["activations"]
    num_coords, two, num_windows, num_filters = activations_reader.shape
    
    assert two == 2
    assert num_windows == input_length - filter_width + 1
    
    print("Importing coordinates...")
    coords = np.empty((num_coords, 3), dtype=object)
    coords[:, 0] = reader["coords"]["coords_chrom"][:].astype(str)
    coords[:, 1] = reader["coords"]["coords_start"][:]
    coords[:, 2] = reader["coords"]["coords_end"][:]
    
    print("Fetching one-hot sequences...")
    genome_reader = pyfaidx.Fasta(reference_genome_path)
    one_hot_seqs = np.empty((num_coords, input_length, 4))
    batch_size = 128
    num_batches = int(np.ceil(num_coords / batch_size))
    for i in tqdm.notebook.trange(num_batches):
        batch_slice = slice(i * batch_size, (i + 1) * batch_size)
        one_hot_seqs[batch_slice] = dna_to_one_hot([
            genome_reader[chrom][start:end].seq for chrom, start, end in coords[batch_slice]
        ])
    
    pfms = np.empty((num_filters, filter_width, 4))
    for filter_index in range(num_filters):
        print("Extracting motif for filter %d..." % filter_index)
    
        print("\tComputing maximum activation...")
        acts = activations_reader[:, :, :, filter_index]
        max_act = np.max(acts)
        
        inds = np.where(acts >= 0.5 * max_act)
        
        windows, num_windows = np.zeros((filter_width, 4)), 0
        for coord_index, strand_index, pos_index in tqdm.notebook.tqdm(
            zip(*inds), total=len(inds[0]), desc="Extracting windows..."
        ):
            if strand_index == 0:
                window = one_hot_seqs[coord_index, pos_index : pos_index + filter_width]
            else:
                # Reverse complement; the positions are flipped
                window = np.flip(
                    one_hot_seqs[coord_index, input_length - filter_width - pos_index : input_length - pos_index],
                    axis=(0, 1)
                )
            windows = windows + window
            num_windows += 1
        
        pfms[filter_index] = windows / num_windows
    
    return pfms

def compute_filter_influence(filter_activations_path):
    """
    Extracts the influence of each filter by computing the difference
    in cross entropy when each filter is nullified.
    Returns an F-array, where F is the number of filters, containing the
    change in average cross entropy (after nullification - before
    nullification). The order of filters matches those in the saved
    HDF5/model.
    """
    reader = h5py.File(filter_activations_path, "r")
    print("Reading in cross entropies...")
    before_null_cross_ents = reader["predictions"]["cross_ents"][:]
    after_null_cross_ents = reader["nullified_predictions"]["cross_ents"][:]
    
    before_null = np.nanmean(before_null_cross_ents)
    
    num_filters = after_null_cross_ents.shape[1]
    
    influences = []
    for filter_index in tqdm.notebook.trange(num_filters):
        after_null = np.nanmean(after_null_cross_ents[:, filter_index])
        influences.append(after_null - before_null)
        
    return np.array(influences)

def save_activation_motifs(filter_pfms, filter_influences, path):
    """
    Saves the filter-activation-derived PFMs and influence values.
    """
    with h5py.File(path, "w") as f:
        f.create_dataset("pfms", data=filter_pfms, compression="gzip")
        f.create_dataset("influences", data=filter_influences, compression="gzip")

def load_activation_motifs(path):
    """
    Loads the filter-activation-derived PFMs and influence values.
    """
    with h5py.File(path, "r") as f:
        return f["pfms"][:], f["influences"][:]

Extract motifs from filter activations¶

Extract the motifs derived from each filter, ranked by filter influence.

Deriving a filter's motif:

Identify the top 10000 most well-predicted input sequences, ranked by cross entropy
For each window in each of these sequences, compute the filter activation for each 1st-layer filter
A filter's motif is the aggregation of sequence windows which activate that filter to at least half its maximum activation (over the top 10000 most well-predicted inputs)

Deriving a filter's influence:

Identify the top 10000 most well-predicted input sequences, ranked by cross entropy
Nullify each filter by setting it to the average activation over these 10000 most well-predicted inputs
A filter's influence is the average change in cross entropy before and after nullification

compute_motifs = True
if activation_motifs_cache_dir:
    # Import if it exists
    cache_path = os.path.join(activation_motifs_cache_dir, "filter_activation_motifs.h5")
    if os.path.exists(cache_path) and os.stat(cache_path).st_size:
        filter_pfms, filter_influences = load_activation_motifs(cache_path)
        compute_motifs = False

if compute_motifs:
    # Extract PFMs of highly-activating sequences
    filter_pfms = extract_filter_activation_motifs(filter_activations_path, reference_genome_path)

    # Compute influence of each filter
    filter_influences = compute_filter_influence(filter_activations_path)

    if activation_motifs_cache_dir:
        save_activation_motifs(filter_pfms, filter_influences, cache_path)

Importing coordinates...
Fetching one-hot sequences...

Extracting motif for filter 0...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 1...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 2...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 3...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 4...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 5...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 6...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 7...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extracting motif for filter 8...
	Computing maximum activation...

Extract motifs from filter weights¶

# Import the filter weights themselves
filter_weights = np.load(filter_weights_path)
assert len(filter_weights.shape) == 3
assert filter_weights.shape[:2] == (filter_width, 4)
filter_weights = np.transpose(filter_weights, axes=(2, 0, 1))  # Shape: F x W x 4

Motifs derived from filter-activating sequences¶

For each filter, its motif is constructed by averaging all of the sequences that activate it at least to half of its maximal activation. We show the PWMs. The filters are ranked by influence (i.e. the average difference in prediction cross entropy when the filter is nullified--that is, replaced with its average activation).

colgroup = vdomh.colgroup(
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "85%"})
)
header = vdomh.thead(
    vdomh.tr(
        vdomh.th("Rank", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("Filter index", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("Influence", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("PWM", style={"text-align": "center"})
    )
)

body = []
for i, filter_index in enumerate(np.flip(np.argsort(filter_influences))):
    pwm = pfm_to_pwm(filter_pfms[filter_index])
    if np.sum(pwm[:, [0, 2]]) < 0.5 * np.sum(pwm):
        # Flip to purine-rich version
        pwm = np.flip(pwm, axis=(0, 1))
    fig = viz_sequence.plot_weights(pwm, figsize=(20, 4), return_fig=True)
    fig.tight_layout()
    
    body.append(
        vdomh.tr(
            vdomh.td(str(i + 1)),
            vdomh.td(str(filter_index)),
            vdomh.td("%.3f" % filter_influences[filter_index]),
            vdomh.td(figure_to_vdom_image(fig))
        )
    )
    
    if activation_motifs_cache_dir:
        # Save motif PWM
        fig.savefig(os.path.join(activation_motifs_cache_dir, "filter_activation_motif_%d.png" % filter_index))

display(vdomh.table(colgroup, header, vdomh.tbody(*body)))
plt.close("all")

/users/amtseng/tfmodisco/src/plot/viz_sequence.py:152: RuntimeWarning: More than 20 figures have been opened. Figures created through the pyplot interface (`matplotlib.pyplot.figure`) are retained until explicitly closed and may consume too much memory. (To control this warning, see the rcParam `figure.max_open_warning`).
  fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)

Motifs derived from filter weights¶

For each filter, we show its corresponding motif simply as the mean-normalized multiplicative weights in the filter. For consistency, we rank the filters by influence (as above).

colgroup = vdomh.colgroup(
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "5%"}),
    vdomh.col(style={"width": "85%"})
)
header = vdomh.thead(
    vdomh.tr(
        vdomh.th("Rank", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("Filter index", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("Influence", style={"text-align": "center"}),
        vdomh.th("Mean-normalized filter weights", style={"text-align": "center"})
    )
)

body = []
for i, filter_index in enumerate(np.flip(np.argsort(filter_influences))):
    weights = filter_weights[filter_index]
    weights = weights - np.mean(weights, axis=1, keepdims=True)
    if np.sum(weights[:, [0, 2]]) < 0.5 * np.sum(weights):
        # Flip to purine-rich version
        weights = np.flip(weights, axis=(0, 1))
    fig = viz_sequence.plot_weights(weights, figsize=(20, 4), return_fig=True)
    fig.tight_layout()
    
    body.append(
        vdomh.tr(
            vdomh.td(str(i + 1)),
            vdomh.td(str(filter_index)),
            vdomh.td("%.3f" % filter_influences[filter_index]),
            vdomh.td(figure_to_vdom_image(fig))
        )
    )
    
    if activation_motifs_cache_dir:
        # Save motif PWM
        fig.savefig(os.path.join(activation_motifs_cache_dir, "filter_weight_motif_%d.png" % filter_index))

display(vdomh.table(colgroup, header, vdomh.tbody(*body)))
plt.close("all")

Rank	Filter index	Influence
1	6	0.036
2	37	0.031
3	42	0.027
4	19	0.023
5	4	0.021
6	34	0.016
7	61	0.013
8	62	0.010
9	32	0.010
10	51	0.010
11	25	0.009
12	38	0.007
13	10	0.007
14	2	0.007
15	29	0.007
16	54	0.006
17	20	0.006
18	12	0.005
19	43	0.005
20	58	0.004
21	40	0.004
22	56	0.004
23	46	0.003
24	24	0.003
25	49	0.003
26	50	0.003
27	45	0.002
28	13	0.002
29	16	0.002
30	33	0.002
31	21	0.002
32	3	0.002
33	31	0.002
34	63	0.001
35	44	0.001
36	48	0.001
37	52	0.001
38	36	0.001
39	15	0.001
40	27	0.000
41	28	0.000
42	41	0.000
43	5	0.000
44	0	0.000
45	35	0.000
46	55	0.000
47	59	0.000
48	22	0.000
49	60	0.000
50	11	0.000
51	53	0.000
52	9	0.000
53	18	0.000
54	57	-0.000
55	7	-0.000
56	1	-0.000
57	30	-0.000
58	8	-0.000
59	47	-0.000
60	17	-0.000
61	39	-0.000
62	23	-0.000
63	26	-0.000
64	14	-0.000

Rank	Filter index	Influence
1	6	0.036
2	37	0.031
3	42	0.027
4	19	0.023
5	4	0.021
6	34	0.016
7	61	0.013
8	62	0.010
9	32	0.010
10	51	0.010
11	25	0.009
12	38	0.007
13	10	0.007
14	2	0.007
15	29	0.007
16	54	0.006
17	20	0.006
18	12	0.005
19	43	0.005
20	58	0.004
21	40	0.004
22	56	0.004
23	46	0.003
24	24	0.003
25	49	0.003
26	50	0.003
27	45	0.002
28	13	0.002
29	16	0.002
30	33	0.002
31	21	0.002
32	3	0.002
33	31	0.002
34	63	0.001
35	44	0.001
36	48	0.001
37	52	0.001
38	36	0.001
39	15	0.001
40	27	0.000
41	28	0.000
42	41	0.000
43	5	0.000
44	0	0.000
45	35	0.000
46	55	0.000
47	59	0.000
48	22	0.000
49	60	0.000
50	11	0.000
51	53	0.000
52	9	0.000
53	18	0.000
54	57	-0.000
55	7	-0.000
56	1	-0.000
57	30	-0.000
58	8	-0.000
59	47	-0.000
60	17	-0.000
61	39	-0.000
62	23	-0.000
63	26	-0.000
64	14	-0.000